Wim Hendriks, «'Euteos' beyond the Temporal Meaning.», Vol. 25 (2012) 21-35
The Greek lexeme euteos should be understood primarily as an adverb of quality, rather than regularly be taken as an adverb of time in the New Testament. Three problematic passages with euteos will be discussed. They are 3 John 14, Galatians 1:15-17, and a variant reading in Acts 14:8-10. As background to this discussion the meaning of the adjective euteos is considered, as well as its use in various derivative and compound words. Next the formation of adverbs of manner and their place in the Greek sentence or phrase is envisaged. Four meanings of euteos as an adverb of quality, drawing on extra-biblical and New Testament sources, are identified before proceeding to discuss the three problematic passages, indicating how euteos is to be understood and translated.
Ευθεωσ Beyond the Temporal Meaning 25
N28 excepted) and the Apocryphal Writings, while παραχρῆμα shows
a relatively high frequency in the LXX and in Papyri from III BC until II
AD inclusive.
2. The adjective εὐθύσ—εὐθεῖα—εὐθύ
The Greek adiective εὐθύσ—εὐθεῖα—εὐθύ means: straight, direct, not
crooked. It can designate both horizontal and vertical straightness.6 The
related adiective ὀρθόσ—ὀρθή—ὀρθόν means: straight, not slanting, not
oblique. The same meaning straight is found in compounds including the
adverb εὐθύσ, and derivations from it, as can be seen in the following
examples.
εὐθεῖα straight line
εὐθέωσ in a straight manner, etc (see hereafter § 3)
εὐθήσ righteous
εὐθύ (Attic) in a straight line, linea recta, rightly
εὐθύσ (Hellenistic) in a straight line, linea recta, rightly
εὐθυβολέω throw right forward, hit the mark
εὐθύγλωσσοσ straightforward, plain-spoken
εὐθυδρομέω sail a straight course to some destination
εὐθύνω steer a ship on its course, pilot a ship
εὐθύποροσ going straight; upright, honest
εὐθύτησ straight line; straightness, righteousness
εὐθυτρεχήσ running in a straight line
3. εὐθέωσ as adverbium qualitatis
Adverbs of manner (adverbia qualitatis) give an answer to questions
such as: πῶσ, quomodo, how, in which way? They are regularly formed
from adjectives and pronouns by adding the ending –ωσ to the stem.
Here are some examples.
ἀκριβήσ ἀκριβῶσ accurately, carefully, exactly
ἀληθήσ ἀληθῶσ truly, in truth, really, actually
ἕτεροσ ἑτέρωσ in the other way, otherwise
ἡδύσ ἡδέωσ gladly, readily, willingly
6
See LSJ sub verbo εὐθύσ: ad A: εὐθύσ as adjective.