236 Robert L. Mowery provided spectacles involving wild animals (73), and Caristanius pro- vided each of these benefactions. Levick has commented that the Italian veterans who settled in Pisidian Antioch were attempting to create “a little Rome on the border of Phrygia and Pisidia” (74). Just as the fratres arvales and the other colleges of priests made vows on behalf of the emperors in Rome, Caristanius, who identified himself as pontifex, made a vow on behalf of Claudius in his “little Rome” (75). His vow and his dutiful fulfillment of his vow point to the vitality of pagan religion in first century Pisidian Antioch. 3. Claudius’ successful invasion of Britain impressed people throughout the Empire. The people of Cyzicus, for example, erected a triumphal arch to Claudius, while wealthy people in Aphrodisias commissioned a relief portraying Claudius’ triumph over Britannica. Such highly-visible public memorials would have proclaimed Claudius’ victory to even marginal individuals, such as illiterate peasants who had come to town for market day (76). Just as the arch at Cyzicus and the relief at Aphrodisias continued to remind people of Claudius’ triumph, the huge statue that Caristanius erected in Pisidian Antioch would have continued to remind people of this triumph (77). Caristanius’ benefactions were less spectacular than those that had been given year after year during the preceding decades by the provincial priests of the imperial cult in Galatia. These priests regularly provided public feasts, usually provided oil (78), frequently funded gladiators and spectacles involving wild animals, often sacrificed a hecatomb, sometimes erected statues, and sometimes provided other (73) Augustus, Res Gestae 22:3 and Appendix 4. (74) Roman Colonies, 78. Cf. also MITCHELL – WAELKENS, Pisidian Antioch, 11; WITULSKI, Adressaten, 198. (75) Many other Latin and Greek inscriptions emphasize the safety and/or victory of the emperor. See, e.g., J. MORALEE, “For Salvation’s Sake”. Provincial Loyalty, Personal Religion, and Epigraphic Production in the Roman and Late Antique Near East (Studies in Classics; New York – London 2004) 140-152. (76) This example is cited by LEVICK, Claudius, 144. Cf. also SHERK, “Roman Galatia”, 977. (77) See A.E. COOLEY, “The Life-Cycle of Inscriptions”, The Afterlife of Inscriptions. Reusing, Rediscovering, Reinventing & Revitalizing Ancient Inscriptions (ed. A.E. COOLEY) (London 2000) 2. (78) MITCHELL, Anatolia, I, 109, assumes that the oil was for use in the gymnasium.