Gregory T.K. Wong, «Psalm 73 as Ring Composition.», Vol. 97 (2016) 16-40
This article seeks to analyse the structure of Psalm 73 as a ring composition based on characteristics identified by Mary Douglas. With special attention paid to key structural markers used throughout the psalm, it will be argued that Psalm 73 is an elegant and almost perfect ring, with the introductory and concluding sections merging into each other and closely interconnected with a middle turning point. The rest of the psalm is arranged chiastically with matching parallel sections on either side of the turning point.
PsALM 73 As rInG COMPOsITIOn 25
tinually with you”) that begins the verse is also a verbless clause, here
involving an adverb plus a suffixed preposition. Again, in the absence
of a finite verb, the subject must be overtly stated. Given the fact that
linguistic features that reflect a free choice out of numerous options
provide a far more reliable indication of conscious design than con-
structions that are rule-bound, the obligatory nature of the latter there-
fore renders their rhetorical significance somewhat uncertain 31.
In contrast, the two ynaw in v. 2 and v. 28 are both grammatically
redundant nominative absolutes, the function of which seems to be
primarily emphatic as they draw attention to the contrast with the im-
mediately preceding clause. In both cases, since the first person refer-
ence is already implied in the pronominal suffixes in ylgr (“my feet”)
in v. 2 and yl (“for me”) in v. 28, the two ynaw (“as for me”) can theo-
retically be excised from the text without altering the overall sense.
Given that both ynaw in v. 2 and v. 28 are involved in the same highly
marked syntactic construction and function identically in their respec-
tive contexts, they very likely represent the psalmist’s conscious effort
to establish a rhetorical link. If so, then to the extent that the disjunc-
tive ynaw in v. 28 is generally viewed not as signalling a break but as
part of the same rhetorical unit that begins in v. 27, the syntactically
identical ynaw in v. 2 should also be similarly regarded. This would pro-
vide support for taking v. 2 together with v. 1 as part of the psalm’s in-
troduction, so that the inclusio that frames the two sections is indicated
not only by the repetition of bwj in v. 1 and v. 28, but also by the re-
currence of the two grammatically redundant but functionally identical
uses of ynaw in v. 2 and v. 28 32.
But even if v. 2 is taken as part of the psalm’s introduction, the
question remains as to where this introductory section ends. For even
among those who take v. 2 as part of the introduction, opinion is still
divided between those who see a break at the end of v. 2 and those
who see a break occurring only at the end of v. 3. The former argue
that content-wise vv. 3-12 is clearly united by a focus on the apparent
prosperity of the wicked 33. In addition, it has also been argued that
personal pronoun in v. 22 is likely conjunctive rather than disjunctive since it con-
tinues the psalmist’s series of introspective self-disclosures that begins in v. 21.
31
That is not to say that rule-bound constructions can never be rhetorically
significant. The issue is how to interpret an obligatory feature: is it present simply
because it has to be, or is it imbued with rhetorical significance by the hands of
a skilful author?
32
That ynaw is part of the inclusio is also noted by CLIFFOrD, Psalms 73–150, 16.
33
WeIser, Psalms, 508; T.L. sMITh “A Crisis in Faith: An exegesis of Psalm 73”,