30 Paul Danove appear with active and / or passive base forms and, as in English, do not admit to passivization. This discussion develops the implications of active and passive base forms for the interpretation of transference and motion and omits consideration of the implications of middle base forms because verbs that grammaticalize transference with middle base forms do not grammaticalize motion in the NT. Typically active base forms in English and Greek offer no guidance in determining whether the verbal subject is affected; and passive base forms in Greek specify that the subject acts on itself.6 The typical “neutrality” of the conceptualization associated with active base forms is illustrated by “kill” (ἀποκτείνω) and “die” (ἀποθνῄσκω). Although these verbs appear with active base forms in both English and Greek, the one who kills is not affected; and the one who dies necessarily is affected. English and Greek verbs that grammaticalize transference differ from this typical pattern because their active base forms consistently signal that the subject is unaffected by the action. In fact, the implication of subject affectedness requires the introduction of the referent of the Agent entity in another grammatical capacity elsewhere in the same clause: [You] throw yourself down (Matt 4,6) βάλε σεαυτὸν κάτω In this example, all implication that the Agent is affected is removed by replacing the reflexive object pronoun with a word that references someone other than the Agent. Greek verbs that designate transference with passive base forms, however, maintain the typical implication that the Agent acts on itself, as in the following examples of “cast” (βάλλω):7 Act. And often it also cast him into fire (Mark 9,22) καὶ πολλάκις καὶ εἰς πῦρ αὐτὸν ἔβαλεν Pass. She found the child lying (= having cast herself) on the bed (Mark 7,30) εὗρεν τὸ παιδίον βεβλημένον ἐπὶ τὴν κλίνην J. Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics (London 1969) 373, discusses the 6 nature of this affectedness. R.J. Allan, The Middle Voice in Ancient Greek: A Study in Polysemy (ASCP 11; Amsterdam 2003) 19-20, and Saeed, Semantics,162-65, discuss vari- ous categories of affectedness. The implications of passive base forms receive consideration in Allan, Middle Voice, 7 112-14, A. Rijksbaron, The Syntax and Semantics of the Verb in Classical Greek: An Intro- duction (Amsterdam 2002) 147-50, and E. Bakker, “Voice, Aspect, and Aktionsart: Middle and Passive in Ancient Greek”, in Voice: Form and Function (eds. B. Fox — P.J. Hopper, Amsterdam 1994) 36.