Nili Samet, «The Gilgamesh Epic and the Book of Qohelet: A New Look», Vol. 96 (2015) 375-390
This paper re-examines the relation between the Gilgamesh tradition and Qohelet. It presents formerly recognized analogies between the two texts, along with a newly identified parallel. Analysis of the data indicates that Gilgamesh is the only currently known ancient text that can be considered a direct literary source of Qohelet. The paper then discusses the nature of the Gilgamesh epic used by Qohelet's author. It shows that this version is not identical with any Gilgamesh recension known to us. Consequently, an attempt is made to describe this unique Gilgamesh version, and to locate it within Qohelet's historical and intellectual context.
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378 NILI SAMET 378
is obvious that there can be no question of borrowing in so univer-
sally human a context, unless there were some unusual feature in
common, or at least the same sequence of details” 11. This remark
is quite surprising in light of the fact that the sequence of details is,
in fact, identical in the two texts 12. Consider the following chart:
Alewife’s Counsel Qohelet Common Theme
or Phrase
You, Gilgamesh, let Go, eat your bread Dining
your belly be full; with joy, and drink
your wine with a
merry heart, For God
has already approved
what you do.
Keep enjoying your- Always Temporal Indicator
self day and night.
Every day make
merry,
Dance and play day
and night!
Let your cloth be clean, Let your garments be Clean Clothes
white.
Let your head be Let not oil be lacking Washed Head
washed, may you be on your head.
bathed in water!
Gaze on the little one Enjoy life with the Family Life
who holds your hand! wife whom you love,
Let a wife enjoy your all the days of your vain
repeated embrace! life that he has given
you under the sun,
Such is the destiny Because that is your Conclusion: This is
[of mortal men]. portion in life and in Human Destiny.
your toil at which you
toil under the sun.
11
GORDIS, Koheleth, 304.
12
See: H.L. GINSBERG, “The Quintessence of Koheleth”, Biblical and
Other Studies (ed. A. ALTMANN) (Cambridge, MA 1963) 47-59; DAY, “Foreign
Semitic Influence”, 60; B.W. JONES, “From Gilgamesh to Qoheleth”, The
Bible in Light of Cuneiform Literature, Scripture in Context III (eds. W.W.
HALLO et al.) (New York 1990) 349-379, here 372.