Gregory T.K. Wong, «Psalm 73 as Ring Composition.», Vol. 97 (2016) 16-40
This article seeks to analyse the structure of Psalm 73 as a ring composition based on characteristics identified by Mary Douglas. With special attention paid to key structural markers used throughout the psalm, it will be argued that Psalm 73 is an elegant and almost perfect ring, with the introductory and concluding sections merging into each other and closely interconnected with a middle turning point. The rest of the psalm is arranged chiastically with matching parallel sections on either side of the turning point.
PsALM 73 As rInG COMPOsITIOn 35
the other side in reverse order 62. For Psalm 73, it has already been
shown that, apart from the introductory and concluding sections and
the middle turning point, the remainder of the psalm can be divided
into four main sections, each introduced by the structural marker $a
or yk. It has also been pointed out that the markers are arranged chias-
tically, such that it follows the pattern yk (v. 4) – $a (v. 13) – $a (v. 18)
– yk (v. 21). This already suggests that the yk and the $a sections on
each side of the turning point are designed to function as correspon-
ding sections.
That the two yk sections in vv. 4-12 and vv. 21-26 are set against
each other can be seen from the recurrence of several key terms. As
some have already noted, the related pair ~ymvb (“in heaven”) and
#rab (“on earth”), used in tandem to form a merism in v. 9, is also
present and similarly used in v. 25 63. Thus, if the reach of the wicked’s
arrogant words seems limitless, God’s importance to the psalmist is
unrivalled. The repetition of ~lw[ at the end of the respective sections
is also significant, for while in v. 12 the psalmist summarises the state
of the wicked as ~lw[ ywlv (“at ease forever”), in v. 26 he realises that
~lw[l ~yhla yqlx (“God is [...] my portion forever”).
There is also the repetition of bbl (“heart”) in v. 7 and v. 26. Al-
though bbl is found six times in five verses within the psalm, other
than the introduction of the main theme “God is good [...] to those
pure in heart” in v. 1, the other occurrences seem strategically placed
to form rhetorical links in corresponding sections. Leaving aside its
occurrence in v. 13 and v. 21 for the moment, it is noteworthy that in
v. 7 and v. 26 bbl is found with an additional term associated with the
human body: in v. 7, bbl twykf (“heart’s imaginations”) parallels wmny[
(“their eyes”), whereas in v. 26, ybbl (“my heart”) is conjoined with
yrav (“my flesh”) 64. Thus, while in v. 7 the eyes and heart of the
wicked reflect greed and transgression, in v. 26 the body and heart
of the psalmist, though failing, are strengthened by God.
To show that the two $a sections in vv. 13-15 and vv. 18-20 corre-
spond to each other poses a greater challenge. For unlike the two yk
62
DOuGLAs, Thinking in Circles, 6, 14, 36.
63
ALLen, “Psalm 73”, 105; KrAšOveC, Antithetic Structure, 44; GIrArD,
Les Psaumes, 288; AuFFreT, “Étude structurelle”, 266.
64
For wmny[ “their eyes” in v. 7, the LXX and Peshitta seem to read wmnw[ (“their
iniquity”). But the verse is notoriously difficult, and since it is possible to make
sense of either reading, until further insight is forthcoming, I will simply follow
the MT. should the variant reading prove preferable, the correspondence between
v. 7 and v. 26 would admittedly be jeopardized.