Paul and Caristanius at Pisidian Antioch 231 “brothers, children of Abraham’s family” (v. 26), and “brothers” (v. 38). Although he is not portrayed using the term “Jews”, the author of Acts used this term three times in the narrative material following Paul’s speech (vv. 43.45.50) (45). But while Acts 13,14-52 provides a series of references to the Jewish community at Pisidian Antioch, the existence of this community cannot be documented from non-biblical sources. It has frequently been suggested that these Jews were descendants of the Jewish families who, according to Josephus, were moved to Lydia and Phrygia by Antiochus III more than two centuries earlier (46); however, there is no definitive non-biblical evidence regarding their presence in Pisidian Antioch in the first century (47). Acts 13,14-52 also contains several references to Gentiles. Paul is portrayed speaking in the synagogue to both Jews and “those who fear God” (vv. 16.26). Scholars commonly identify God-fearers as Gentiles who were attracted to Judaism but had not converted to Judaism (48). Note that the author of Acts did not identify the ethnic background of these God-fearers; we are not told if they were Italians, Greeks, Phrygians, or Pisidians. After leaving the synagogue, Paul and Barnabas were followed by many of “the Jews” and many of “the devout converts” (v. 43) (49). This passage provides the only reference to “converts” in this chapter; such persons would have been ethnic Gentiles who had formally converted to Judaism. The author of Acts did not disclose their original ethnic identity. (45) Concerning the use of this term in 13,45, see J.J. KILGALLEN, “Hostility to Paul in Pisidian Antioch (Acts 13,45) – Why?”, Bib 84 (2003) 1-15, esp. 4-5. (46) Josephus, Ant., 12:147-153. See P.R. TREBILCO, Jewish Communities in Asia Minor (SNTSMS 69; Cambridge 1991) 5-7. (47) For discussions of a second century epigraphical reference to a woman named Debbora, see BREYTENBACH, Paulus, 48-49, 167-168; I. LEVINSKAYA, The Book of Acts in Its Diaspora Setting (The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting 5; Grand Rapids – Carlisle 1996) 150. For the possible Semitic background of the name Salgurius in another inscription, see M.D. CAMPANILE, “Un’iscrizione latina dei decurioni de Antiochia”, Actes du Ier Congrès international sur Antioche de Pisidie (ed. T. DREW-BEAR – M. TASLIALAN – C.M. THOMAS; Lyon – Paris 2002) 217-218. (48) The literature about God-fearers is extensive. See, e.g., LEVINSKAYA, Book of Acts, 51-126; B. WANDER, Gottesfürchtige und Sympathisanten (WUNT 104; Tübingen 1998). For a recent overview, see G.F. SNYDER, “The God-Fearers in Paul’s Speech at Pisidian Antioch”, Actes du Ier Congrès, 46-49. (49) For two views concerning the significance of this phrase, see C.K. BARRETT, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles (ICC; Edinburgh 1995-1998) II, 664; and SNYDER, “God-Fearers”, 49.