Étienne Nodet, «On Jesus' Last Supper», Vol. 91 (2010) 348-369
In the Gospels, Jesus' last supper involves custom and legal issues: chronological discrepancies between the Synoptics and John, a mock trial before the Sanhedrin, two trials before Pilate (John), and so on. This study focuses on the calendar problem, a topic of utmost importance in ancient Judaism, and follows A. Jaubert's hypothesis, against J. Jeremias' now classical view: the Synoptics display a somewhat loose connection with the Jubilees sectarian calendar, while John's chronology seems to be historically more accurate.
356 ÉTIENNE NODET
above, points to a calendar problem in both cases, and not to a
problem in the details of the rites. According to CD 10 :14-17, all
work should be interrupted on Friday before sunset, which is not a
dissident view, but in 3:12-16 it is said that the Sabbath belongs to
the “hidden things†(twrtsn), implying that, from time to time, a
week was longer by one day, according to some calendrical
decision, or secret computing. An obscure passage of 1 Enoch can
be understood this way: in 74:12 we read “the sun and the stars
bring in all the year exactly, so that they do not advance or delay
their position by a single dayâ€. This shows that there was a
corrective system, which worked. However, the next chapter (75:1)
speaks of “the four days which are not reckoned in the reckoning
of the yearâ€, which have been understood as the four 91st day at the
end of the four quarters 17, causing an error of four days every
year and awkward problems for the Festival calendar 18, The
contradiction between the two chapters is blatant: it seems that a
translator or a copyist has mixed up these days with some
additional days fixing the solar year. Another hint is given in
Jubilees 50 :1-5 : the Jubilee falls on the 50th year, after the seventh
sabbatical year, and then a new cycle begins. So the rhythm of the
seventh years is broken.
Whatever the intercalation system used, both calendars match
every 28 years (in average, because of possible lunar leap years).
The solar calendar has worked, at least for some time, and rabbinic
tradition displays some knowledge of it. There is a “Blessing of
the Sun†every 28 years, when the equinox falls on a Tuesday at
sunset, recalling the Creation week 19 (b.Erubin 56a). This view
depends on an interpretation of that week according to the
A Qumran collection of Psalms mentions a special song for the μy[wgp
17
days. S TALMON, “The Covenanters’ Annuarium in the Psalm Scroll from Cave
11 (11QPsa XXVII) â€, Fifty Years of Dead Sea Scroll Research (eds. G. BRIN –
B. NITZAN) (Jerusalem 2002) 204-219.
See R.H. CHARLES, The Book of Enoch (London 1892) 159-161, who
18
observes that the Ethiopian text is corrupted, and thinks that the author strove to
compare that calendar with the Greek 8-year cycle.
The date is calculated according to the years of 365.25 days (Julian
19
calendar). So the calculated equinox moves ahead of the astral one by about 3
days every 400 years (the Gregorian correction: the solar year lasts about
365.2468 days). The most recent blessing was performed on April 6th, 2009,
that is 17 days after the real equinox.