191 THE LAST BEATITUDE. JOY SUFFERING IN After seeing the terms that have to do with suffering, we can now analyze what is said about the joy regarding the reward (Matt 5,12 ; Luke 6,23). Luke’s redactional variation with the imperative aorist xarhte instead of Matthew’s present, xaırete, gives the ¥ ¥ exhortation a striking actuality: it is not a matter of simply rejoicing, but of beginning to do (inchoative aorist) so when tribulation appears. The expression en eke¥nq th qmera, “in that ßßı ˜Ω¥∞ day ”, without parallel in Matthew, confirms the distress as a particular event, not as permanent suffering. The repetition of otan, ™ in Luke 6,22, emphasizes the eventuality of the fact and invites the listener to be prepared for future distress. The invitation to rejoice comes through two verbal forms: xaırete kaı agalliasue (Matt 5,12) or xarhte ( . . . ) kaı ¥ ùß ˜ ¥ ù skirthsate (Luke 6,23). While xaırein is a common verb in ¥ ¥ classical and biblical literature, agalliasuai is a concept that ß ˜ occurs only in the language of the Bible and early Christianity, similar to agallian in classical Greek 26. These two verbs in LXX ß ˜ and NT — four times each 27 — mean exaltation and joy over God’s salvation, showing well the sense of Semitic enjoy, in which there is not only profound and spiritual happiness but also its external, physical consequence with leaping, shouting and other outward manifestations. In the context of the passage the word makariov is ¥ present, calling for joy and exultation by those who will share the benefits of the eschatological happiness of the kingdom 28. Joining xa¥rein and agalliasuai also reflects the pair of jmç and lyg ı ß ˜ frequent in OT writings (36 times), especially in the Psalms. Black sees behind agalliasuai an “unnoticed Aramaism” present ß ˜ probably in Q 29. The redactional skirtan in Luke is richer and ˜ more expressive, even though it is a metaphor a bit far removed from the original sense of the word. The verb describes young horses galloping in the fields as well as jumping with both legs Cf. B. ESTRADA, “Lieti nella speranza”. La gioia nel Nuovo Testamento 26 (Roma 2001) 22-28. Tob 13,15; Ps 95,12; Hab 3,18; Ode 4,18. In the NT, besides the last 27 Beatitude, the couple appear in 1 Pet 4,13 and Rev 19,7. Cf. DUPONT, Béatitudes II, 335. 28 Cf. BLACK, Aramaic Approach, 158. Cf. FITZMYER, Luke I, 637; 29 HOWARD MARSHALL, Luke, 254.