03_Wilson_201_221_201_221 10/07/15 12:41 Pagina 205 205 MATTHEW, PHILO, AND MERCY FOR ANIMALS (MATT 12,9-14) 205 for the sheep on the Sabbath is lawful, then doing good for the man is even more so, since human beings are more valuable than sheep (12,12a). The version in Luke 14,5, on the other hand, refers to a child or an ox, in which case the illustration supports a mixed a pari and a fortiori argument 18. Luke also differs from Matthew in refer- ring to the site of the incident as a well rather than a pit, which cor- responds to a difference in the analogy being drawn, namely, the act of healing a man suffering from dropsy (14,2) is likened to the act of saving a child or ox from drowning. In Luke 13,15-16, meanwhile, yet another kind of analogy is drawn, this time between the act of re- leasing a woman from the condition to which she has been “bound” by Satan and the act of releasing an ox or donkey from its stall 19. As noted above, unlike the trio of arguments in Matt 12,2-7, Matt 12,11 does not allude to a particular biblical source. Exod 21,33-34 considers a case in which an ox or donkey falls into a pit and dies, while Deut 22,4 instructs the reader to help raise an ox or donkey that has fallen down (cf. Exod 23,5) 20. Neither text, how- ever, refers to Sabbath observance. For a better parallel in this re- gard we must turn to a non-biblical source, CD 11.13-14. One may not assist an animal in giving birth on the Sabbath. And if it falls into a pit or a trap, he shall not lift it out on the Sabbath 21. These regulations (cf. 4Q265, frag. 2, 1.5-6) belong to the so- called Sabbath Code (CD 10.14-11.18), the stringency of which may reflect the importance of sabbatical praxis for the Essene’s project of sectarian legitimation and differentiation 22. With that in may also reinforce the connection with 12,3-4, which refers to David. Cf. Y.S. CHAE, Jesus as the Eschatological Shepherd. Studies in the Old Testa- ment, Second Temple Judaism, and in the Gospel of Matthew (WUNT II/216; Tübingen 2006) 239. 18 J.A. FITZMYER, The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28; New York 1985) II, 1041. 19 Cf. m. Shab. 7.2; 15.1-2; DOERING, Schabbat, 463-468; F. BOVON, Luke. A Commentary (Hermeneia; Minneapolis, MN 2013) II, 283-290. 20 DAVIES – ALLISON, Saint Matthew, II, 320, refer to Deut 22,4 as part of the “background” for the verse. 21 For translation and commentary, see B.Z. WACHOLDER, The New Dam- ascus Document (STDJ 56; Leiden 2007) 91, 337. 22 DOERING, Schabbat, 133-215; L.H. SCHIFFMAN, The Halakhah at Qum- ran (SJLA 16; Leiden 1975) 84-133. Cf. Jub. 2.25-33; 50.6-13.